Do Video Games Contribute For Video Game Violence

Do video games contribute to video game violence? I will discuss why video games do not contribute to youth violence, what types of warnings are given by video game companies, and what flaws exist in studies that suggest a correlation between violence and gaming. As the sales of video games have risen in recent years, some groups claim that violence in these games has caused violent behaviors among young players. However, this argument bears little factual evidence supporting such a connection. As popularity of violent video games has increased, the rate of violent juvenile crimes, including murders, has dropped significantly. The manufactures of these games include warning labels on all their products, which include a minimum age group rating, as well as specific features of the game to justify the rating. The players are well aware that the simulated violence is not real. studies which suggest a relationship between violence and games are often designed poorly or unreliable. In every game there is always a warning label describing the content of the game. Video games can’t be blamed for the actions of the youth if the warnings are taken under consideration. Up until 1994, anyone, kids to adults, were allowed to buy and play any kind of game. The game that changed everything was Mortal Kombat, created by Midway Games. Mortal Kombat, 1992, Subzero vs. Scorpion The game gave birth to many controversies about who should be allowed to play this game. The firstShow MoreRelatedVideo Games Do Not Contribute to Youth Violence Essay870 Words   |  4 PagesVideo games are not the cause of youth violence. There are many factors that have to be lined up to cause a child to be violent. For instance Many kids that become violent have had a rough life. They may have been poor, bullied, have alcoholic parents, neglected, or dont have parents at all (kids health). Over the years games have helped kids adapt to things in the world to better help their futures (washington post). Studies prove that video games can help children learn new mechanics (washingtonRead More Violent Video Games Do NOT Contribute to Youth Violence Essay2434 Words   |  10 Pages Although violent video games are thought to encourage real world violence, they actually help to prevent it. I am focusing on violent video games and how they affect juveniles because I feel tha t this issue needs to be looked at in the criminal justice community. It is an unnecessary distraction to blame the actions of a disturbed youth on a form of entertainment that has been used by millions of people without incident. A review article published in The Psychiatric Quarterly found thatRead MoreDo Violent Video Games Make People More Violent?1277 Words   |  6 PagesDo Violent Video Games Make People More Violent in Real Life? The American Psychological Association reports that more than 90% of children in the United States play video games.Among kids between the ages of 12 and 17, the number rises to 97%. The psychological group also reported that 85% or more of video games on the market contain some form of violence (Do Video Games Lead to Violence). A video game may be considered violent if it contains â€Å"violent† language, gore/blood, and crime. Video gamesRead MoreThe Truth About Video Games1124 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped rapidly, video games have become more realistic in terms of violence. These games and systems have reached second in demand in the media industry following television (Rottenberg et al. 30). The human species is an inherently violent species in this generation. When we play video games for extended hours at a time, the game removes us from reality into a new dream world killing and fighting monsters, enemies, and villains. Most humans believe video games do not cause violence; however, drugRead MoreVideo Games And Youth Violence1181 Words   |  5 Pagespast few centuries,video games have become a great leisure and hobby among kids of all ages and cultures. With the advancement of technology, video games have advanced highly in its realism and genres. This high type of advancement brought the video game industry to a multi-billion dollar industry. However, with realism, comes negative effects as well. Ever since the creation of violent or â€Å"mature† video games, there has been a constant debate on whether it will increase violence in the player. AlthoughRead MoreEssay on The Media and Violence in our Society636 Words   |  3 Pages Violence has always played a role in the media. It is found everywhere around the world. Media does contribute to violence in our society. This essay will prove that media does contribute to violence in our society by examining music, video games and Web Sites. Firstly, one form of violence which influences behaviour in our society is music. This sort of media is a concern to parents who are interested in the development and growth of their children because of the negative andRead MoreViolent Video Games Cause Violent Behavior1127 Words   |  5 PagesIt widely argued against whether violent video games can trigger violent behavior among those who play them. There s many cases of the violent video games being the main factor of the person being violent, however their is plenty of factors that play a role in the case from parental neglect to drug abuse. In 1983 C. Everett Koop, the U.S. Surgeon General, claimed that video games were a leading cause of family violence. Although video game advocates argue that majority of the research on the topicRead MoreThe Relationship between Video Games and Youth Violence811 Words   |  3 Pagesthat violence in video games have contributed to violent outbreaks of behavior in real life. Violent vid eo games have been a political issue since the early 1980s; however, people forget to look at how people of all ages spend their free time playing these games for entertainment. 97% of 12-17 year olds in the US played video games in 2008, thus fueling an $11.7 billion domestic video game industry. In 2008, 10 of the top 20 best-selling video games in the US contained violence. Video games are aRead MoreVideo Game Violence : Virtual Violence1512 Words   |  7 Pages Video Game Violence: Virtual violence v. Real-world violence Miguel Rodriguez Holguin Southern New Hampshire University The video game industry has grown to gigantic proportions; it’s a medium of entertainment that has great influence over the youth and adults globally. As with any media channel it is diverse in its content from childish themes to more mature topics. The industry’s success has been plagued by many critics and sociology experts all whom criticize the library of violentRead MoreBanning Violent Video Games On Children1545 Words   |  7 Pages Banning Violent Video Games A child is killing police officers. A teenager is hiring prostitutes to potentially kill them. He is using weapons such as guns, chainsaws, and knives to kill and commit horrible crimes. Thousands of children and teens participate in these actions daily. How? Violent Video games such as Doom, Call of Duty, and Grand Theft Auto are just a few of the games that are full of these awful actions. The Harvard Mental Health Letter states, â€Å"The Pew Research Center reported

Should A Heart Transplant Continue Essay - 1129 Words

It is widely recognised that conducting violent research against moral is a crime, such as the experiments at the Nazi camp. However, it is a controversy on how to treat the results from these unethical researches. In my point of view, the results are separate from the moral obligations to the researcher, although the suffering and rights should be seriously respected. The results from unethical researches should be accessible to the public due to its value and validity, but should also be published and referenced under restrictions. Despite the methodology of a research is unethical, its results can still be used ethically and provide benefits to the society. Although the experiment is tainted with violence, the scientific data stand neutral. They are objective facts that exist in nature. They should be allowed to be accessed and used ethically for a greater interest. Baruch C. Cohen has raise an interesting scenario: should a heart transplant continue to proceed if the doctor has murdered the donor to obtain the heart? In this situation, the donor is dead and there is no way to save him, yet the receiver can potentially survive with the new heart. Although the heart is tainted by unethical procedure, but it is clear that the transplant should continue to maximise the overall benefit. Same applies to the research results. We cannot reverse what has been done to the participants, but at least the results should cherished and used to save more lives. Some of the data obtainedShow MoreRelatedEssay about Organ Trans plants for Prisoners1411 Words   |  6 PagesIn the article â€Å"Wanted, Dead or Alive? Kidney Transplants in Inmates Awaiting Execution†, Jacob M. Appel argues that, despite the criminal justice system’s view that death-row inmates deserve to die, they should be given the same opportunity to extend their life as anyone else. â€Å"The United States Supreme Court has held since 1976 that prison inmates are entitled to the same medical treatment as the free public† (645). â€Å"When it comes to healthcare, ‘bad people’ are as equal as the rest of us† (646)Read MoreOrgan Allocation Case Study : Correctional Healthcare1147 Words   |  5 Pagespatient’s future, specifically related to organ allocation. Organ transplantation is extremely important in order to save lives, prolong survival, and increase the quality of life (Beyar, 2017). Each year the number of people on the waiting list continues to rise at an alarming rate. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, organ donation statistics show that more than 116,000 people are awaiting organs. The number has risen significantly every year (Health Resources ServicesRead MoreCoronary Artery Disease1327 Words   |  6 PagesHeart disease, also known as the â€Å"silent killer†, is one of the most common causes of death worldwide, though many people live with this disease for many years without knowing it. Types of heart diseases include coronar y artery disease, cardiomyopath, valvular heart disease, pericardial disease, and congenital heart disease. The most common type of heart disease is coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is when the arteries that supplies blood for the heart muscle gradually hardensRead MoreShould Xenotransplantation Be Allowed? Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesTopic: Xenotransplantation (Animal to Human Transplants) Research Question: Should Xenotransplantation be allowed? (Animal parts transferred into Humans) Introduction: Scientists have developed a way for a pig heart to be transplanted into a baboon, which has been living for more than a year. This breakthrough means that sometime soon, we may be able to use pig hearts for human bodies, when we don’t have any human parts to spare. For this investigation, I am going to find out how XenotransplantationRead MoreOrgan Transplants : An Organization1486 Words   |  6 Pages Lizetth Gonzalez Mrs. Forsythe English 7-8 1B January 20, 2015 Organ Transplants Despite the fact that more than a million have signed up to become donors the number of donors is still nowhere near the number of people on waiting for transplants therefore, resulting in an average of eighteen deaths every day due to the shortage. (Pros) Keep in mind the amount of lives saved or restored when a single organ donor can save up to eight lives. In addition to saving lives and restoring broken lives, aRead MoreThe Ethical And Moral Issues Of Organ Transplantation1014 Words   |  5 Pagesallocation will continue as long as there is such an enormous gap in patients who need transplants and the number of organs donated. For example, who should get the available organs: people who are the sickest or those who have the greatest chance of surviving and having a long life? Also, what is the significance of someone s personal behavior? One would assume a person’s moral character should make some difference when it comes to deciding who lives and who should die. Should a much-needed heart go to aRead MoreThe Author Of This Document Attempts To Explain What Is1680 Words   |  7 Pagesis a ventricular assist device, its basic function, the reasons for use, possible complications and nursing care aimed to prevent this. Also, the impact that current technology has in the management of Heart Failure, and prolongation of life quality and expectancy while waiting for heart transplant. Furthermore, it reviews the incorporation of essential elements of safe nursing care to current nursing standards of care when caring for patients with ventricular assist device. Also, this document analysesRead MoreThe Organ Trafficking Epidemic Essay1111 Words   |  5 PagesNOTA (National Organ Transplant Act of 1984). In â€Å"Can The Government Ban Organ Sale? Recent Court Challenges And The Future Of US Law On Selling Human Organs And Other Tissue†, Glenn I. Cohen states that â€Å". . . if a US citizen travels abroad to buy a kidney or other organ his act is not prohibited by NOTA and it is generally accepted that more general US laws prohibiting trafficking do not apply to organ sale† (Cohen 1984). Buying organs outside of the United States transplant system is not yet illegalRead MoreOrgan Donation Essay806 Words   |  4 Pagesorgan donor can save or improve up to fifty lives. Kidneys, hearts, lungs, livers, and other major organs have been applicable for organ transplants. Doctors performed the first procedure of this kind in the mid-1950s and since sustained many lives, earning the common name a â€Å"gift of life.† These surgeries have led to many innovative procedures that can solve problems that once seemed insoluble. Medical advancements, such as transplants, are ethical and necessary for promoting the well-being of societyRead MoreOrgan Transplants Should Not Be An Organ Donor Essay1167 Words   |  5 Pagestoy? You might have felt anxious or hopeful. Well, that is exactly how the thousands of people who are on the national waiting list for organ transplants feel every minute of every day. However, instead of waiting for a toy, they are waiting for something they literally cannot live without. I am a registered donor and know people who have had organ transplants. There is a continuously increasing need for organ donors, and it is easy to become an organ donor. Today, I hope to persuade you all to become

Directors Is An Institution Is Regularisingâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Directors Is An Institution That Is Regularising? Answer: Introducation Australian Institute of Company Directors is an institution that is regularising the membership to the directors in general has been discussed (Allen, Kraakman, 2016). The membership is of non-profit in nature. The conception of non-profit membership has come into existence from the idea adopted by United Kingdom for the first time. In the year 1906, the Royal charter was formed and the idea of non-profit membership regarding the company director was adopted (Boxer, Perren Berry, 2016). The Australian Government considered that idea in the year 1960. The Company directors Association, which was converted into Australian Institute of Company Directors in the year 1990, governed the directorship in Australia. Australian Institute of Company Director is an international unit that has seven state branches. The organisation is comprised of four national directors, one divisional director each for the seven state divisions, and one Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer. The prese nt MD of the association is John Brogden who is appointed for the post in the year 2015. In this report, there are certain provisions made that are throwing light on the different aspects of the AICDs approaches regarding the duty of the directors towards the shareholders. The main theme of the report is to prepare a report to the AICD about the responsibility of company director towards the shareholder. There are certain issues relating to ASX affiliated company has been adjudged here. Background of the case: The case is dealing with the company related matter of an ASX affiliated company, where it was held that the interest of the shareholders must be placed over other stakeholders and a report is to be done to this effect. The company disputes are govern by the Corporation Act 2001 in Australia. The Act is comprised of several sections that are discussing the composition and function of the companies that are to be registered under Australia (Brennan, Kirwan, Redmond, 2016). The genus of a company is stakeholders. The stakeholders are that part of the company, without whom it is not possible to run the company properly. Stakeholder includes the shareholders, directors, unions, and other related staffs of the company. Another term that is used in this subject is the shareholder. The shareholders are the species of a company. There are certain duties of a shareholder in the company affairs. They can purchase the share of a company and can sell them. They play an important role in the app ointment of the company directors and the external auditors. They take active participation in the annual meeting of the company. Regarding their active part in the management of the company, their selection process has been mentioned in the companys memo (Chassagnon Hollandts, 2014). A person, whose name is registered under the company register, can only become the shareholder of the company. They can cast their votes regarding the appointment or removal of the Board of Directors and in case of reappointment of the directors also. The term stakeholders are of important in nature (Choudhury et al., 2015). In the year 1983, the term was introduced. Stakeholder is conceptualised by Edward Freeman. The term denotes the related person regarding the management of the company. It is stated that a company cannot even work properly without the stakeholders as all the important personalities are part of stakeholders (Clayton, 2014). Shareholders are one of the most important part of that and due to that reason they get certain benefits that are provided by the company and by the directors too. Purpose: The main purpose of the report is to come into a conclusion regarding the directors duties in case of the shareholders. There are several provisions of Corporation Act 2001 has been attracted and certain sections like section 180 and 181 of the same Act has been mentioned by specifically stated all the relevant clauses that will help to come into a conclusion. It is to be find out the validity of the issue that the director of a company should owe due diligence and extra care to the shareholders and place their interest above all other stakeholders. Scope: The subject matter of the case is to decide a dispute whether the Director of a company owes a special duties to the shareholders. In this report, an effort regarding the determination of the matter has been discussed. This report has discussed many points regarding the stakeholders and shareholders and the duties of the Directors regarding the same and a justification for the notion has been discussed with a view to obtain the ultimate answer. Problems: In case of any successful project task, research is necessary and there must be certain research question that can help to come into a conclusion regarding the same. In this case, the research questions are as follows: Does the director of an ASX affiliated company should give importance to the interest of the shareholders? Do the shareholders play an important part in the company? Does the director of a company should give benefit to the shareholde Directors duties: The duty of the director should be clarified before discussing the main plethora of the case. A director of a company has following duties: A director has some duties to the company as well as the shareholders of a company; The director must be comply with the duties in good faith; The directors must show a standard way to comply with the duties imposed on them; The director should have an intention to promote the business; The directors must not misuse his post inappropriately. There are certain provisions regarding the promotion of the company that is one of the primary duties of the directors. In Hutton v West Cork Railway Company (1883) 23 Ch D 654, it was observed that the director should not demote the reputation of the company by simply any monetary matters. The acts of the director must be bonafide in nature. In Dorchester Finance Co. Ltd v Stebbing [1989] BCLC 498, it was observed that a director must show such due care which a prudent man do. The director of a company should be responsible for the management of the company and should be work as a communication link between the administration of the company and the stakeholders (Hiller, 2013). Solutions: There are certain research problems that are to be resolved, discussed and analysed in broad way with sufficient provision regarding the same (Pettigrew, 2014). The first problem is to whether the directors should place the interest of the shareholders above all other stakeholders. The courts decision regarding the same is negative in nature. According to various previous judgment, the courts are of the decision that it is not necessary for the Directors to owe special duties to the shareholders. The directors should only take due care to the corporation. The reason behind the same is that the shareholders are a part of the corporation. There are certain other reasons behind the same (Walther, Morner Calabr, 2017). However, it should be kept in mind that the shareholders are the most important part of the stakeholders and for the betterment of the company, their assistance is needed. The share market portfolio is being determined by the investment procedure of the shareholders. Ther efore, it is important to decide the share market strategies for the benefit of the shareholders. They are participated in the joining of the directors and meet the annual meeting of the company on regular basis. There are certain legal provisions regarding the membership of the shareholders as every person has no right to become the shareholder of a company. There are certain dissimilarities between the company and the shareholders. The shareholders are interested in the short-term investment, while the companies are opted for the long-term investment, as that will facilitate the ultimate gain for the interest of the company. However, that does not create any obligation regarding the same. Regarding the second problem, it can be stated that the role of the shareholders regarding the company are of variant in nature. They are responsible for the growth of the company. Law provides them ultimate power so that they can take active co-operation regarding the internal activities of the company. The management committee of a company is its Board of Directors. Shareholders are taking an active part regarding the appointment of them. Therefore, it can be stated that the shareholders are playing an important role in the management of the company. The last problem regarding the topic is controversial in nature. The controversy regarding the matter takes place due to the contrasting opinions of the Court of law. In some cases, the courts are of the view that the directors are only responsible to the company and not to anyone. Therefore, it is not required that the directors must dispose certain special duties to the shareholders. On the other hand, there are certain notions that are attracted the separate character of a company, which states that a company is a separate legal entity from its member (Too Weaver, 2014). In the well known decision of the Salomon v Salomon, it was stated by the court that the company is a separate legal entity and is not liable for the acts of its members. ACRUX is an ASX listed company that is dealing with Pharmaceuticals product that has certain problem regarding the shareholders interest and the board of Directors of the company thought the shareholders are the part of the company and therefore, was not in the opinion to give them extra benefit. However, there are many cases where it has been stated that the company is separate entity. Regarding the works of the shareholders, it can be stated that the role of shareholders are of important in nature. Thus, they should be getting certain advantage from the company or from the directors acting on behalf of the company. The Corporation Act 2001 governs the company law in Australia. As per the opinion of Hiller, section 181 of the Act provides certain provisions regarding the acts of the directors so that they can use their powers in good faith. The shareholders are an important part of the company. Therefore, the directors must owe certain duties to them. As per the provision of section 181 of the Corporation Act, a director should do their duties to the persons as per the provision of law and should not misuse their power. In this case, there are two sides of the topic. The positive part is that the directors owe duty to the shareholders and the negative part is that they have no duty towards the shareholders. By investigating the facts of the case laws, it is observed that the decision of the case law on the point that company is a separate legal entity is much more acceptable. In the case, MacLaine Watson v Department of Trade And Industry [1989] 3 All ER 523, the same notion has been taken into consideration and therefore, it can be stated that the director of a company should has certain duties towards the shareholders of a company by considering their role in the company. Recommendation: Following recommendation can be made in the light of the above discussion: It is recommended that the shareholders are one of the main characters in a company or corporation. Therefore, they have the ability to get some special treat from the company or from the Director acting on behalf of the company. It is recommended that shareholders are liable for the economic growth of the company. Therefore, some additional benefit should be given to them. It is recommended that shareholders be not to be treated with other stakeholders in a same category. They play a vital role in the administrative work of the company and they are playing a vital role in the appointment of the directors. Therefore, they owe certain benefits from the Director of the company. It is also recommended that the company is a separate legal entity and the shareholders are not to be included as a part of it. There is a rule under the Company Law that the shareholders are not liable for the debt of the company. Therefore, it can be stated that the shareholders are a part of the company but it has a separate legal interest and the Director must has to protect these legal rights of the shareholders. It is also recommended that there are some provisions in the Corporation Act 2001 where it has been mentioned that the director of a company is needed to take care to the stakeholders and to the company. Shareholders are a part of the stakeholders. Thus, it is the primary duty of the director to protect the interest of the shareholders. It is recommended that the shareholders have attended all the annual board meeting of the company. They have participated in the appointment meeting regarding the companys board of directors. It is the reciprocal duty of the company to involve them in the decision-making committee in certain circumstances. Shareholders are participating in the constitution-making meeting regarding the company and therefore, it can be stated that they play an important role in the company. Conclusion: Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be stated that the shareholders of a company are holding an important position in the management of a company and the director of a company must owe certain duties that are to be complied with good faith towards the shareholders. Under the provision of the Corporation Act 2001, certain duties by the directors are to be mentioned and there are certain case laws that are working as an evidence to the fact that the Directors owes certain rights to the shareholders. Reference: Allen, W. T., Kraakman, R. (2016).Commentaries and cases on the law of business organization. Wolters Kluwer law business. Boxer, R., Perren, L., Berry, A. (2016). SME managing director and non-executive director trust relations: The dynamic interplay between structure and agency.International Small Business Journal,34(3), 369-386. Brennan, N. M., Kirwan, C. E., Redmond, J. (2016). Accountability processes in boardrooms: a conceptual model of manager-non-executive director information asymmetry.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,29(1), 135-164. Bunger, A. C., Collins-Camargo, C., McBeath, B., Chuang, E., Prez-Jolles, M., Wells, R. (2014). Collaboration, competition, and co-opetition: Interorganizational dynamics between private child welfare agencies and child serving sectors.Children and youth services review,38, 113-122. Chassagnon, V., Hollandts, X. (2014). Who are the owners of the firm: shareholders, employees or no one?.Journal of Institutional Economics,10(1), 47-69. Choudhury, S., Rodriguez, L., Curtis, D., Oler, K., Nordquist, P., Chen, P. Y., Ray, I. (2015, October). Action recommendation for cyber resilience. InProceedings of the 2015 Workshop on Automated Decision Making for Active Cyber Defense(pp. 3-8). ACM. Clayton, M. (2014). Who are Your Stakeholders?. InThe Influence Agenda(pp. 26-39). Palgrave Macmillan UK. de Gooyert, V., Rouwette, E., van Kranenburg, H., Freeman, E. (2017). Reviewing the role of stakeholders in Operational Research; A stakeholder theory perspective.European Journal of Operational Research. De Silva Lokuwaduge, C., Armstrong, A. (2015). The impact of governance on the performance of the higher education sector in Australia.Educational Management Administration Leadership,43(5), 811-827. Deegan, C., Shelly, M. (2014). Corporate social responsibilities: Alternative perspectives about the need to legislate.Journal of Business Ethics,121(4), 499-526. Hiller, J. S. (2013). The benefit corporation and corporate social responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,118(2), 287-301. Khan, Y. I., Al-Shaer, E., Rauf, U. (2015, October). Cyber Resilience-by-Construction: Modeling, Measuring Verifying. InProceedings of the 2015 Workshop on Automated Decision Making for Active Cyber Defense(pp. 9-14). ACM. Pettigrew, A. M. (2014).The politics of organizational decision-making. Routledge. Too, E. G., Weaver, P. (2014). The management of project management: A conceptual framework for project governance.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), 1382-1394. Tricker, R. B., Tricker, R. I. (2015).Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Walther, A., Morner, M., Calabr, A. (2017). The role of behaviorally integrated nominating committees in non-executive director selection processes.European Management Journal,35(3), 351-361.

Y2K1 Essay Thesis Example For Students

Y2K1 Essay Thesis T h e Y e a r 2 0 0 0 P r o b l e m Argument for the statement The Year 2000 bug will have such extensive repercussions that families and individuals should begin planning now for the imminent chaos. The Ticking Bomb Introduction A serious problem called the Millennium Bug, and also known as the Year 2000 Problem and Y2K, is bringing a new century celebration into a daunting nightmare. In the 1860s and 1970s, when computer systems were first built, the computer hardware, especially information storage space, was at a premium. With an effort to minimise storage costs, numeric storage spaces were drained to the smallest possible data type. Ignoring the fact that software may be run in multiple centuries, programmers started conserving storage spaces by using two digits to specify a year, rather than four. Consequently, on January 1, 2000, unless the software is corrected, most software programs with date or time may malfunction or may not recognize the entries in the year fields 00 as the year as 1900 instead of 2000 . Year 2000 problem is not restricted only to the above exigency. 20 years ago, everybody understood that a leap year came every 4th year except for every 100th year. However, a piece of algorithm has been forgotten by most people a leap year does exist every 400 years. So, under the first two rules, year 2000 is not a leap year, but with the third rule, it actually is. Computing errors will also occur before Year 2000. Values such as 99 are sometimes used for special purposes not related to the date. The number 99 is used in some systems as an expiration date for data to be archived permanently so some computers may lose the data a year before 2000. Programmers and software developers were surprised to see some of their programs survive for only a few years but failed to anticipate the problems coming by the year 2000. It is sorrowful to find most programs are still in use or have been incorporated into successor systems. Because of the need for new applications to share data in a common format with existing systems, inheriting the six-digit date field that has become a standard over time. The disaster scenario envisaged is that a great number of computer systems around the world will make processing errors and will either crash or produce incorrect outputs . As a result financial institutions, businesses organisations, informational technology and even aeroplane radar communications will all then be in a welter of confusion. In military services, the system meltdown may also worsen the appropriate control of nuclear missiles in silos. It is a ticking time bomb destined to wreak havoc on millions of computer systems in every economy, both commercial and residential, and thus need everyones serious attention. However, the bug is likely to affect more staggeringly the business computers which imply an alarming economic problem. Many organisations have not yet started projects to examine the impact of the millennium bug on their systems. By applying The Standish Groups CHAOS research to Year 2000 projects, 73% of Y2K projects will fail according to the pace now taking. The biggest challenge for these companies is convincing top level management of the severity of the year 2000 problem and the amount of time, money and resources needed to fix it. On that account, to ensure this disaster is minimised, none of us should worm out of devoting resources in preventing the potential anarchy. It is a costly Task As simple as the problem sounds, the fix for the Millennium Bug will cost up to US$600 billion world-wide, according to estimates by the Gartner Group, a leading information technology consultancy. The software fixes are very time-consuming, requiring considerable effort to examine millions of lines of source code in order to locate problem date fields and correct them. The costs to apply the fixes will vary from company to company, but research has given the figure of approximately between US$0.50 to $2 per line of source code for modification, with these costs expected to escalate as much as 50 per cent for every year that projects are delayed. Unfortunately, this average excludes date conversions on military weapons systems software, which is expected to be significantly more expensive to convert, and the real figure should even be much larger. One of the first steps an organisation needs to take on the way to ensuring Year 2000 compliance is to determine what they have to be changed. The business will need to prepare an inventory of hardware and software utilised to allow assessment of problem areas. It is hard to address the potential for problems when no clear picture of the problem space is available. Documentation showing the processing steps being performed by the companys computer system in order to accomplish business functions needs to be available to ensure that all procedures are present and accounted for. There is no Silver Bullet The problem looks straightforward, all w e need is just to check each line of code, locate the two-digit date fields, expand them to four digit and test the correction. Unfortunately, these modifications are mostly manual labour not an automatic process. Software Dilemma Six-digit date fields are generally scattered throughout practically every level of computing, from operating systems to software applications and databases. Some dates have numeric representation, while other have alphanumeric representations. This adds to the complexity of the problem from a management and technical point of view. The bug contaminates a large area that nearly all of the program codes must be examined to ensure that correction is free from side-effects. A case in point, a typical medium size organisation, a state comptrollers office in United States, is predicted to spend US$5.6 million to $6.2 million to make the software conversion, that is, nearly a billion lines of code must be repaired. Furthermore, there are computing languages stil l in use today that only a handful of people are even aware of, let alone proficient enough to be called experts. Skills for some older, more obscure languages and systems will, more than likely, make the Y2K a more serious problem. Some uses of two digit dates may not be obvious. For example, the UK Driving Licence number encodes the holders date of birth using a two digit year code. Dates used in this nature will create Year 2000 problems without the obvious use of dates in the program. Some systems use dates fields for non-standard uses, such as special indicators and how your systems have abused the date field is something you can only find out by looking at every line of code, which is a huge costs in time and resources. With the variety of programming languages and platforms in use throughout that past three decades, and the multitude of uses for date fields, and the extensiveness of infected programming area, no single silver bullet could exist to correct the problem. Moreove r, the problem cannot be solved individually. Y2K is a universal problem which will bring a chain effect among industries and firms. No business is immune, every firm is affected either directly in its own operation, or indirectly, by the action or inaction of others. A Year 2000 compliant computer system may fail to process, produce error messages or generate incorrect data even if it receives contaminated programs or data from a third party that is not Year 2000 compliant. With all these issues involved, and with remaining time ever decreasing, management awareness must focus on these problems. The Hardware Dilemma If the computer hardware cannot handle dates past 31/12/99 then no software solution can fix it. Some applications request the system date directly from the hardware and cannot be trapped by the operating system, which obviates a software resolution. For instance, the PC hardware problem can be explained as follows. The standard PC computer system maintains two system d ates: one is in the CMOS Real Time Clock chip, a hardware component normally located on the machines motherboard that stores time, date and system information such as drive types; and the other one is in the operating system software, these two dates are represented differently, influencing one another. When the computer boots, it normally initialises its current date by reading the date in the CMOS Real Time Clock and converting it to days since January 1, 1980. The PC maintains its date as long as the system is running; the CMOS Real Time Clock hardware maintains its date whether the system is running or not, but it does not maintain the century. So, the standard flaw lurks in the CMOS Real Time Clock date when Year 2000 is reached as it reads an out-of-range date. Moreover, a few specific Basic Input/Output Systems cause behaviour other than the standard flaw. Importantly, the Award v4.50 series BIOS will not allow any date after 1999 and can not be corrected by any software. Dat es are integrated in computer hardware, from mainframe, mid-range machines, all the way down to network infrastructure. Date fields are used in some of the most basic computer functions such as calculating and sorting and will affect a large majority of systems. If year fields are expanded to 4 digits, this will automatically give rise to the need for additional storage space. In due course, the original reasons for the introduction of 6 digit dates will resurface. Any computer application that accepts or displays dates on the screen or produces a report with date fields will need to be redesigned. On-line transaction databases will need to be converted and the new expanded database will need to be kept in sync with the old active database during the conversion process. In some cases there will be insufficient space available to accept or display additional data, forcing a major revision. If paper forms are used for input, these will also need to be redesigned. Screen, report and fo rm redesign appear to be a minor issue in the context of the Millennium Bug, but the design of screen and reports are important from a usability perspective, and the redesign process cannot be automated. Any changes to the way dates are handled in an organisation will need to be coupled with staff training to ensure that all staff are aware of any new standards. Other Dilemma Implied However, to ensure that the corrected work runs free of errors after January 1, 2000 midnight, testing of the changed code must be performed. There is no way around this. As testing is around 50% of all programming tasks, the actual programming tasks are just one small cog in the wheel used to resolve the Millennium Bug. With the rigidly fixed deadline, and the ever decreasing amount of time, this will require a large investment in resources, to ensure a smooth run from the development to production phases. Less seriously discussed in the Year 2000 issue by the public, as the Year 2000 deadline approach es and the time remaining for corrective work shrinks, companies may choose, or be forced into, outsourcing the resolution of their Millennium Bug to a Year 2000 service provider. The service provider would have to load a copy of the software onto its computer system to perform the bug fixes, and this raises the issue of software licensing. Many licences contain restrictions barring licensees from providing a copy of the software to any third party without the consent of the licenser, and this could present problems in the event of a dispute between vendor and client. Conclusion The year 2000 challenge is inescapable and omnipresent, affecting every businesses and individuals, regardless of age or platform. As discussed, there are many aspects of the Millennium Bug problem that are not immediately obvious, ranging from legal issues such as copyright and licensing, to issues of available resources and existing bugs. Carrying out a solution in any business involves careful planning in order to be successful. The four steps awareness, planning, implementation, and testing are crucial for a company to run successfully beyond the year 2000. Unlike most other IT projects there is a definite, fixed and immovable deadline for implementation. If there is not enough time to complete the programming and testing, or if unexpected delays occur, the deadline remains fixed and cannot be moved. Only if companies start corrective action soon enough and devote sufficient resources to the effort can minimise the effect of this universal nightmare. Table A Example of the Year 2000 Problem With Current Date Format (mm/dd/yy) Current Date Birth Date Calculated Age 06/19/99 06/19/59 40 06/19/00 06/19/59 59, 59, or Error Corrected to 8-Digit Date Format (mm/dd/yy) Current Date Birth Date Calculated Age 06/19/2000 16/19/1959 41 N.B. this requires that two dates be changed (both current date and birth date) Figure B Some Sources of Year 2000 Problem Computer Central Processing Unit8 H ardware Clock8 BIOS (Basic Input/ Output System)8 Network server Other Hardware8 Modem8 Added Printed Circuit Card8 Telephone Answering Machine8 Video Equipment Software8 Operating System8 Packaged Software8 In-house Code, Databases, Spreadsheets, etc. Embedded Chips8 Process Control Systems8 Fax Machines8 Video Cassette Recorder8 Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning Control8 Internal Combustion Engine8 Automatic Camera8 Security System8 Fire Detection System8 Medical Equipment8 Time-keeping and Attendance Systems8 Bar-code Reader System Bibliography and References Journal References 0 Jerome T. Murray Marilyn J. Murray. The Year 2000 Computing Crisis. US: Mc-Graw Hill Companies (1996). 0 Lowenstein R. The Year 2000 and the CEOs Big Secret. The Wall Street Journal (July 1996). Online References 0 Apple Computer, Inc. The Mac OS and the Year 2000: Approaching the New Millennium (1997). http://product.info.apple.com/pr/letters/1997/961210.pr.ltrs.macos2000.html 0 Dave Brandt. We lcome to the DOI Year 2000 Page (1997). http://www.doi.gov/oirm/oirm/y2mgt1.html 0 Don Sand. Year2000 The Clock Continues to Tick (1997). http://csn.uneb.edu/year2000/Year2000ClockContinuesTick.htm 0 Gary North. The Year 2000 Crisis (1998). http://mypage.direct.ca/r/rhomer/year.html 0 J.Bace. Offshore Resources for Year 2000 Project (1996). http://gartner3.gartnerweb.com/public/static/hotc/hc00060661.html 0 Mark Mayes. What is the Year 2000 Problem and How Does It Affect VB? (1998) http://www.class-solutions.com/whatis.htm 0 National Association of Insurance Commissioners. Tick-tock, tick tock(1997). http://www.naic.org/geninfo/news/gateway/gwmay97.htm 0 Patrick Janidlo. The Survival Guide for the Year 2000 (1997). http://www.themesh.com/feat28.html 0 Standish Group International, Inc. Year2000 A date Odyssey (1997). http://www.standishgroup.com/ad.html 0 The Tenagra Corporation. Y2K Press Clippings (1998). http://www.year2000.com/y2karticles.html 0 2K-Times. Year 2000 and the Com puter (1997). http://www.2k-times.com/y2knews.htm 0 Michael Gerner. Year 2000 Making Applications Date Intelligent (1997). http://www.2k-times.com/y2k-p005.htmBibliography: .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 , .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 .postImageUrl , .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 , .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2:hover , .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2:visited , .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2:active { border:0!important; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2:active , .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alcohol Abuse Among Teenagers Essay We will write a custom essay on Y2K1 Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now